Tower Cranes Essay Example for Free

Tower Cranes Es prescribe perpetrate Force can be delineate as that which causes a mass to accelerate. Force has common units of pounds strong wind (lbs) or northwards ? Acceleration (F=MA). In other words 1 Newton is the get required to accelerate 1 kg by 1 m/sec2, or 1 pound force is the force required to accelerate 1 slug by 1 al-Qaida/ sec2. You will notice that the imperial unit for force is pounds force and not just pounds. There is a common inaccuracy in our language that is only sincerely important when talking about physics. The word heaviness truly refers to a force this is why your weight on the moon is not the same as your weight on earth. To fully understand this we need to dissect the mathematical meaning behind the force term. Two components go into calculating a force the first is mass, the second is acceleration. What is mass? Mass is the tote up of stuff present in a given sample, lets say a person. A persons mass will be the same whether on earth or t he moon in both places that person is made up of the same amount of stuff.Mass has two common units kilograms (kg) and slugs. So a person king have a mass of 70 kg or 4. 78 slugs. For the physical exertion of weight, or the downward static force exerted by an purpose, the acceleration of interest is the acceleration due to gravity. The acceleration due to gravity can be defined as the pull one object exerts on another. For this pull to be felt, one of the objects has to be extremely massive. For most people the most massive object they will encounter is the earth. The acceleration due to gravity on the earth is 9. meters/sec2 or 32. 2 feet/sec2. So a person on earth might weigh (70kg x 9. 8m/sec2) = 686 Newtons or (4. 78 slugs x 32. 2 feet/sec2) = 154 lbs. On the moon the same person will weigh (70kg x 1. 62 m/sec2) = 113 Newtons or (4. 78 slugs x 5. 32 ft/ sec2) = 25 lbs. So when a person says they weigh 154 lbs they are being true to physics, exactly when they say they weigh 154 kg, theyre actually referring to their mass. As a further twist, its also interesting to note that the acceleration due to gravity changes with altitude.So your weight at sea level will be slightly different that your weight at the top of a mountain (Newtons law of gravitation Fg = G ? gravitational constant). ? kg ? m ? . The equation used to mathematically define force is Force = Mass x 2 ? ? sec ? m1 ? m2 , where G is the r2 Stress Stress is defined as force per unit area and has the common units of Pounds force per Square Inch (psi) or Pascals (Pa) (a Pascal is a Newton per square meter or kg/m sec2). In construction there are five basic types of sift which concern engineers.These are bending, tensile, compressive, shear, and torsional stress (see picture below). For the purpose of building dough stick bridges we are really only interested in bending, compression, and tensile stresses. When we appropriate a pie-eyed look at bending well see that it is just a combination of tensile and compressive stresses. Of these three types of stress tensile is perhaps the easiest to measure. As a conclusion engineers will take samples of material and, using special machines, subject them to higher and higher tensile loads until they break.By dividing the force at which the sample breaks by the cross sectional area of the sample the materials Ultimate Tensile Stress (UTS) can be determined. The ultimate tensile stress is given the symbol ? (Greek earn sigma), and essentially represents the strength of a material. For comparisons sake a sample of plain carbon steel might have a UTS of 50,000 psi, while pine (which is what Popsicle sticks are made of) might have a UTS of 1,000 psi. It is important to recognize that UTS is not the only important consideration when selecting a material, but material excerpt is a bit outside the scope of this summary.Lets take a closer look at tension and compression. Tension is the stress an grammatical constituent bangs when exposed to a pulling force. To get a feeling for tension think about a piece of string. String can only experience tension it is not able to resist displace or bending. Compression is the opposite of tension its the stress an element experiences when exposed to a pushing force. Sand is an example of a substance which can only experience compression. A column of sand can support a large load, but is unable to resist any pulling force.As most materials have different tensile and compressive loading potentials, it is important to know what sort of forces will be exerted on every member in a building or bridge. Bending combines both tensile and compressive forces in a single element. To demonstrate this, take a look at the picture below. Its pretty obvious from this picture that bending puts one face into tension while the other is in compression. It also logically follows from this conclusion that at some point between the two faces there must be a point where there is no tension or c ompression.This point is called the neutral axis. The mass of material above and below the neutral axis will always be equal. So in a symmetrical member the neutral axis will be along the midline, but will not necessarily be along the midline in an irregularly shaped member. This simple concept of leverage can be used to excuse several more complex concepts in morphological engineering. The first is why its easier to break a Popsicle stick when its bent on its flat side as opposed to its edge. To explain this we have to explain the concept of leverage.This one is pretty simple and can easily be demonstrated by the classroom door. Leverage (also called moment or torque) occurs when a force is applied to an object which can rotate about a pivot point. In the case of the classroom door the pivot is the flexible joint and the force applied comes from the person wanting to open the door. In the case of bending a Popsicle stick the pivot is the neutral axis and the force were concerned with is the tension or compression on the outside faces. Moment is calculated by multiplying the force applied by the distance from the point of force application to the pivot.If you increase the applied force, or the distance from the pivot point, the moment increases. Thats why door handles are put as further from the hinge as possible we flip the distance from the point of force application to the pivot point as large as possible, that way a small applied force will create a large moment. So the Popsicle stick is harder to break when bent on edge because weve change magnitude the distance from the neutral axis to the point of maximum force. Explain the difference between tensile, bending, and compressive forces with examples of the equations used to calculate each.Explain truss elements and why they are a superior way of building a bridge. Sample FEM output for simple bridge design o Calculate the amount of popsicle sticks required to make a simple beam with the same strengt h as a truss element. Hints on building a strong bridge o truss o Strength comes from the Popsicle sticks, not the glue but well glued joints are a must. Additional information http//andrew. triumf. ca/andrew/popsicle-bridge/ http//www. eir. ca/resources/presentations/ connect%20-%20By%20Doug%20Knight. doc