How many wolves are too many? :: essays research papers fc

In 1922 the federal government passed a law that allowed wolves in Yellowstone National Park to be hunted. In unsloped four years later the last wolf was hunted. In 1995, the gray wolf was reintroduced to the park. The government started off by introducing 31 wolves in the Montana and Wyoming separate of the park. Now 116 wolves now live and more wherefore 75 pups.The controversy surrounding the reintroduction of the wolves are many from both sides. Some local farmers are against it because some wolves hunt their animals. However, if the farmers can prove their animal was attacked by a wolf, then the government would reimburse them for the animals value. Another problem is that some taxpayers are against the reintroduction because it cost them silver to get the wolves back into the park. Another issue for taxpayers is that they have to pay for the damage the wolves do to the farmers animals.The pro for the reintroduction is the ecosystem is healthier. With the reintroduction, t he wolf hunts sick deer and elk. The fragile are sorted out and the strong survive. The same goes for the wolves. The wolves that are injured or have diseased cannot survive. When they die scavengers get to eat their meat, which contributes to the ecosystem. Another pro is more people come to Yellowstone National Park to see the wolves since they were extinct for more then 30 years. According to the National Parks Conservation Association, an amount of 15,000 people see a wolf in Yellowstone a year. Douglas Smith, who is doing research about the wolves, recording a wolf sighting for 135 straight years from the park roads. In other parks, the federal recovery program is going well. At Isle Royale National Park in Michigan, wolfs existence reached 29, which is the maximum number to survive in the ecosystem. Those 29 wolves can easily live sustainable off the 210 square miles of land. The state of Minnesota has more then 2,500 wolves living and roaming the lands.There are many con troversies surrounding the wolf protection policy. From the view of the farmers who loss there live stock, I understand why they would not want the wolves reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park or any place else. The problem I have with it is how does the government find market value for a moo-cow? Is it a flat rate? Many questions surround the value of a cow or any other livestock.

Religion :: essays research papers

In 1886 the Catholic bishops of the United States published a pastoral letter entitled Economic umpire for All. on that point were two main reasons for this letter first of all they wanted to illustrate an understanding of the nature and reason for economic activity from the view of the Catholic and theological thought furthermore they also wanted to evaluate the workings of the American economy, both from a national and international point of view. As the letter states, any perspective on economic life that is human, moral, and Christian must be shaped be three questions What does the economy do for people? What does the economy do to people? And how do people participate in it? This pastoral letter symbolizes the most aspiring effort of the Catholic bishops of the United States. The bishops also put fore another aspiring effort to make the ideas and insights of people throughout the United States a reality.Even though the bishops of the United States were trying their best to make this a lasting and historical document, it unfortunately found a way to generate considerable controversy. There were critics who said that the bishops were going into an economic battlefield where they have elflike experience. However, this is a chance for the American people to help out and give their support to not only the bishops but the poor people too. The bishops were hoping that the Economic Justice for All will eventually have an impact, both on the political perspective and also the economic realities of the United States citizens. The Catholics in the United States hope that the loving justice will set the stage for reflection and action for the future. Because of the many Catholics here in the United States the dioceses started to put forth their efforts in doing what was needed to direct this program on its feet. This is what started the beginning of a new awareness of the relationship between the struggle for economic justice and the mission of the church. Eve n though thither were many people working hard the question still remains When hard times start to arise will the American people fabricate the opportunity for the poor to find a job in this economic and socialistically dominated world. If indeed the American economy is willing to accept, the pastoral can pop the question a powerful building block of the policies and programs which are necessary to create a society that will be for the justice for all.

All Quiet On The Western Front :: essays research papers

All Quiet on the Western FrontThe carcass of capital of Minnesota Baumers company had moved behind the German front lines for ashort rest at the beginning of the novel. After Behm became capital of Minnesotas first dead schoolmate, Paulviewed the older generation bitterly, particularly Kantorek, the teacher who convinced Paul and hisclassmates to join the military, feeling alone and betrayed in the world that they had left for him. Pauls generation felt set down and isolated from the rest of the world due to the fact that they hadnever truly established any part of themselves in civilian life. At boot face pack, Himmelstoss abusedPaul and his friends, yet the harassment only brought them closer together and developed a strongspirit amongst them. guyczinsky, or Kat, was soon shown to be a curb scavenger, being able toprovide the group with food or virtually anything else on this basis Paul and him grew quite close. Pauls unit was assigned to lay briery wire on the front line, and a sudden shelling resulted in thesevere wounding of a recruit that Paul had comforted earlier. Paul and Kat again stronglyquestioned the War. After Pauls company were returned to the huts behind the lines, Himmelstossappeared and was insulted by some of the members of Pauls unit, who were then only mildlypunished. During a bloody battle, 120 of the men in Pauls unit were killed. Paul was given leaveand returned home only to find himself very distant from his family as a result of the war. He left inagony knowing that his youth was lost forever. Before returning to his unit, Paul spent a little patchat a military camp where he viewed a Russian prisoner of war camp with severe starvationproblems and again questioned the values that he had grown up with contrasted to the values whilefighting the war. After Paul returned to his unit, they were sent to the front. During an attack, Paulkilled a French soldier. After discovering that this soldier had a family, Paul was deeply shattere dand vowed to prevent some other such wars. Pauls unit was assigned to guard a supply depot of anabandoned village, but he and Kropp were soon wounded when trying to escape from the village. Paul headed back to the front, only to engage in final battles where all of his friends were killed. The death of Kat was particularly hard for Paul because they were very close. One month onwardsthe Armistice, Paul was killed.

Progressive Movement In America Essay -- essays research papers

There was a great need for the progressives during the early 1900s. In 1900 the Statess population was around 76 million, and one out of either seven of those 76 million was foreign. By 1915 there were 13 million more immigrants. If that wasnt enough of a drastic change in Americas culture, there was another huge change taking place. America was switching from small personal businesses, to the big business type of economy. Newer and bigger businesses meant unalike working conditions, different working classes as well as economic classes, and completely new jobs that hadnt even existed before.Often my parents and I disagree on current events, movies, music, etc. Sometimes I feel like they are both against change. If they gossip that things arent just as they were before, like during the time when they were my age, they see things as bad or wrong. On the other hand, I feel like change is necessary sometimes, and the times of the late 1800s and early 1900s were no exception. In defe nse of my parents, I beginnert always see the need for total changes. After all, as the old saying goes, if it isnt broke dont fix it.The progressive movement refused to stick with the status quo and instead welcomed change. However progressives also recognized that some things worked fairly well, like the general imprint of American government. So they felt a complete change was not necessary, but that some things could use a little work, and that is how progressives forme...

Educational Goals and Philosophy Essay example -- Reflective Writing T

Educational Goals and Philosophy T each(prenominal)ing is a complex occupation that requires as much empathy and emotion as it does educational skill. I had always envisage of becoming a teacher, and realized after having my own children, that I would not truly be fulfilling my purpose in life if I did not occupy this dream. As a volunteer at the elementary school in my community, I loved the environment and took tremendous joy in watching the children learn. I felt that I had the ability, along with the dedication and desire, it would take to become a full time educator. To achieve this goal I will strive to divide my students a positive beginning, provide confidence in their individual abilities, and prepare them for different aspects in life. I plan to teach elementary education, Kindergarten through the sixth grade. I sincerely believe that a childs first experiences with education help to determine the path that child will choose to follow. The primary(a) year s of education sets the pace for an academic life through learning skills in conjunction with an optimistic outlook. A positive, or negative, first experience piece of ass determine a childs attitude toward learning for the duration of a lifetime. I feel that each student has the potential and ability to bump off knowledge, though each whitethorn have a different learning style. It will be my job, as a teacher, to experiment, explore, and determine the correct technique for each individual. In order to achieve this goal, I will need to be aware of the students personality, academic level, and any risk factors that child may have. I will work to inspire, motivate, and instill the confidence needed for each child to reach his/her full potential. I feel the purpose ... ...West Virginia. Once my career has been established, I will join the National Education Association. I will continue my education by pursuing my Masters degree and attendance various seminars and wor kshops. I want for myself, as well as my students, to be lifetime learners. I plan to stay up to date on latest methods, ideas, and curriculums so that I can transfer the knowledge to subsequent generations. As I step closer towards the door of accomplishing my dream, I become more gaga each day. To have the ability to influence, empower, and shape a young mind is breathtaking. I will strive to teach each child in a way that will meet his/her individual needs and support him/her to become all that is desired. I will indoctrinate the required knowledge along with separate aspects of education that will benefit my students. I will make a difference.

Educational Goals and Philosophy Essay example -- Reflective Writing T

Educational Goals and Philosophy Teaching is a complex occupation that requires as much empathy and emotion as it does educational skill. I had always dreamed of becoming a teacher, and realized after having my own children, that I would not truly be fulfilling my mean in life if I did not pursue this dream. As a volunteer at the elementary school in my community, I loved the purlieu and took tremendous joy in watching the children learn. I felt that I had the ability, along with the dedication and desire, it would take to become a sound time educator. To strike this goal I impart gain to give my students a positive beginning, provide confidence in their individual abilities, and prepare them for different aspects in life. I intention to teach elementary education, Kindergarten through the sixth grade. I sincerely believe that a childs first experiences with education help to chance the path that child will choose to follow. The primary years of education sets the pace for an academic career through learning skills in conjunction with an affirmatory outlook. A positive, or negative, first experience can determine a childs attitude toward learning for the duration of a lifetime. I feeling that each student has the potential and ability to gain knowledge, though each may have a different learning style. It will be my job, as a teacher, to experiment, explore, and determine the correct technique for each individual. In order to achieve this goal, I will need to be aware of the students personality, academic level, and any risk factors that child may have. I will work to inspire, motivate, and instill the confidence needed for each child to reach his/her full potential. I feel the purpose ... ...West Virginia. Once my career has been established, I will join the National Education Association. I will continue my education by pursuing my Masters degree and attending various seminars and workshops. I want for myself, as well a s my students, to be lifetime learners. I plan to stay up to date on current methods, ideas, and curriculums so that I can transfer the knowledge to subsequent generations. As I step impending towards the door of accomplishing my dream, I become more enthusiastic each day. To have the ability to influence, empower, and shape a young mind is breathtaking. I will strive to teach each child in a way that will meet his/her individual needs and support him/her to become all that is desired. I will indoctrinate the required knowledge along with other aspects of education that will benefit my students. I will make a difference.

Toyota: a Glimpse of Leadership, Organizational Leadership, and Organizational Structure

Toyota A Glimpse of Leadership, Organizational Behavior, and Organizational Structure Courtney Berry Organizational demeanour is the study of application of individuals behaviors within structured groups within an organization (Robbins & Judge, 2007). The field of study identifies behaviors within specific groups and individuals in organizations and how the structures of organizations play a persona in behaviors (Robbins & Judge, 2007). In the past several months, the leading company in the car industry has been experiencing a quality simplicity and consumer growth safety final result.Toyota is not hardly encountering a quality control issue but also a senior management crisis issue. The corporate leadership team of Toyota did not recognize the grandeur of addressing the consumer safety issue with the sticking accelerator and not to mention the huge public relations blunder that came with it. Does this fall inure to address a quality control issue and a real senior managemen t public relations issue perplex anything to do with Toyotas leadership, organisational behavior, and organizational structure? Leadership, organizational behavior, and organization structureToyotas thought on leadership is to empower employees and develop their people. If the employee has not learned a specific task, the leader has not do a good job (Womack & Shook, 2007). Plan, Do, Check, and Action (PDCA) Cycle is something that Toyota implements (Womack & Shook, 2007). This cycle engages employees to question products and processes and implement new action. Senior leadership is also expected to perform this. In fact, senior leadership regularly prevails visits to the plant floors to engage with people and help with processes.This type of leadership employs mutual adjustment and interaction from both the employees and leadership. Leadership has very much to do with behaviors within an organization. Organizational behavior looks at behaviors on an individual, group, and organi zational level and how the levels are interelated. According to Henry Mintzberg, organizational behaviors can be class into three primary categories interpersonal, informational, and decisional (Robbins & Judge, 2003). These behaviors are found at the managerial role but play an mportant and predictive role at determining the behaviors of an organization and its structure. When Toyota guide the way in the car industry the organization was firing on all cylinders in their organizational behavior. At the individual level, job satisfaction empowers the employees to make decisions on the line and create effcient processes that lead to spunky production. At the group level, communication and decisions are made across multiple teams and employees to engineer the highest level of product leadership (Womack & Shook, 2007).The organizational level mirrors the individual and group level that creates a culture of pride within Toyota. This organizational pride creates a culture of employees with a belief that Toyota engineers the best products. Organizational structure is the backbone to the strategy of an organization. It helps carry out new strategies by differing structure digits and parameters in which individuals and groups communicate within organizations (Mintzber, Lampel, Quinn, & Ghoshal, 2003). The car industry typically mirrors the machine organizational structure.The work is highly standardized and is designed to run by a large technostructure to formalize behaviors and actions (Mintzber, et al, 2003). The structure of this design typically limits power at the operator level. This type of horizontal structure ends up not engaging the people at the organization and does not get ahead the customer as a whole (Mitzber, et al, 2003). Toyota, while a machine organization, does not place value vertically and rather creates power horizontally. The organization has a history of empowering their operators with knowledge and career paths. Toyota is noted for this.C onclusion Toyotas leadership and organizational structure does not predicate the failure for senior management to fail to address a quality control and product issue as well as a public relations issue. The organizations role of interpersonal communication and decisions made both vertically and horizontally within its structure would lend to fix a problem and engineer the best product. whole employees are empowered to ask why an accelerator should be engineered with a certain spec and require certain raw materials. The leadership and structure creat high quality product processes.The organizational behavior could have explained the blunder on senior management to fail to address a quality control issue based on the culture. According to Benjamin Heineman, Toyotas culture of, We did it right, the problem is small, the critics are wrong (paragraph 5, 2010). Toyotas culture and pride of engineering the best could have predicted this public relations blunder that has striped consumer c onfidence and may lead to a business failure or a chief executive incumbent stepping down. References Heineman, B. W. (2010). Flunking Crisis Management 101. The Washington Post.Retrieved from http//views. washingtonpost. com/leadership/panelists/2010/02/crisis-management-recall. html Mintzberg, H. , Lampel, J. , Quinn, J. B. , & Ghoshal, S. (2003). The strategy process Concepts, contexts, cases (4th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall. Robbins, S. P. , & Judge, T. A. (2007). Organizational behavior (12th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson Education. Womack, J. P. & Shook, J.. (2007, October). Lean Management and the Role of Lean Leadership PowerPoint slides. Retrieved from http//www. lean. org/images/october_webinar_project_slides. PDF.

Inclusive Instructional Strategies & Accommodations Essay

Diana Pastora Carson is a special education teacher and founder of Ability Awareness in Action organization. She incessantly had an interest in changing the lives of disabled people from pitiful life and exclusion to inclusion and life full of dignity and hope. The c erstrn in Dianas nature came from presence of a brother who was preserved from others as a disabled and dependent human being. Dianas Brother, Joaquin, was diagnosed with Autism at an early age. While he was in school, he had been placed in an exclusive classroom for students with significant mental retardation.He was twice placed in a state nominate due to misunderstanding of his character and his attempts to communicate with his services. Currently, Joaquin resides in a state institute, where he is ill, emotionally and physically, from being locked up in a building outside from his friends and family. He expressed his feelings about living in such environment to his sister in a painful way as he once said Diana, peop le are so boring here. His family has been trying to get him out of there as soon as possible.They have similarly taken his case to the court and are waiting for the final decision to be made. They want to get Joaquin out of there and bring him in a home of his own with people who love him instead of staying in that institute any longer. The training, titled Inclusive Instructional Strategies and Accommodations, is about including all children, whether they have a disability or not, in general education classrooms specifically, and in the community, generally. Everybody deserves to belong to and live in their communities.A teacher has an enormous role in do all students belong to that classroom through her knowledge about each and every student of his/hers, and through recognizing uniqueness in each one of them. This should shape the teacher create a supportive environment that meets each students needs, and an atmosphere that promotes acceptance of differences and re impertinen tlying, learn, hope, and collaboration. Moreover, the teacher is responsible for building a program that meets each students level and accommodates tests and homework. A great teacher would avoid labels that discriminate individuals with disabilities to avoid lower expectations.Those labels may help professionals recognize what disabilities the students have, in order to provide them with services that meet their needs. However, people within the same label or disabilities may vary therefore, we cannot always judge someone base on the labels. Moreover, it is very unprofessional to address someone by his/her disabilities as no one likes to be looked at for something that they did not choose for his/her self and it may affect his/her self-confidence. Students dignity must be preserved by the teacher and whoever is around, for instance, peers, and family.Professionals working with disabled people should advocate the community about appreciation of diversity and encourage students t o speak out their thoughts, make choices, and blend in the society. Most importantly, the teachers should listen to students attentively look at their body language, written expressions, and vocalization for efficacious communication. During the training, many strategies and activities to develop a classroom community were shared by Diana, such as setting roles for the classroom, encouraging reading books that promote diversity and discussions, and variant cooperative games.Diana also explained how a customized lesson should be designed as a teacher must know her/his students in order to alter lessons based on each students needs. Teachers should also know how to model, guide, and measure students independent achievements through knowledge of students strengths and limitations. Diana enlightened the importance of giving students time to process new information, retrieve old information, and speak out their answers.It is very important to break the lesson into smaller parts along w ith asking questions in between to check students lore and to encourage discussions about the lesson. It is very essential to bring movement and interaction into the curriculum, serve the different types of intelligences and most importantly honor every student for who he/she is and be aware of the impact teaching will have on his/her future life. Furthermore, visual aids can assist students in organizing their thoughts, memorizing them, and make learning more enjoyable and personal to them.Finally, commitment to learning, inclusion of all children, and building a quality future for each child is a must criterion for developing a loving community where everyone belongs. By having a brother with a disability, whose community isolated him from others by not providing him with education programs that serves his needs, making cosmos places inaccessible for him, and not advocating the public about disabilities, Diana has learned to honor diversity and anyone who is working towards tre ating people with disabilities with dignity and respect.It has encouraged her to variety the lives of those who are different from commonplace people, whether with a disability or not. It has motivated her to include all of them in a classroom that promotes collaboration, understanding, and hope. Furthermore, it has opened her eyes to the importance of advocating the society about disabilities and their inclusion, to change the image and future of the disabled in the community.

Belgium Cultural Analysis

I. Introduction II. Brief Discussion of Belgiums relevant history III. Geographical Setting a. Location amidst France (S) and Holland (N) Germany and Luxembourg (E) and North Sea (W) b. Climate Belgium has temperate weather, warm in summer (May to September) and cool to cold in winter, with snow actually likely. temperate loony winters, cool summers rainy, humid, cloudy c. d. Topography The coastal region, extending about 1648 km (1030 mi) inland, consists of sand dunes, flat pasture land, and polders (land reclaimed from the sea and protected by dikes), and attains a maximum of 15 m (50 ft) above sea level.Eastward, this region gradually gives way to a gently rolling pennyral plain, whose many fertile valleys be irrigated by an extensive ne twork of laughingstockals and waterways. Altitudes in this region be about 60180 m (200 600 ft). The Ardennes, a heavily wooded plateau, is dictated in southeast Belgium and continues into France. It has an aver date altitude of about 460 m (1,500 ft) and reaches a maximum of 694 m (2,277 ft) at the Signal de Botrange, the countrys highest point.Chief rivers are the Schelde (Scheldt, Escaut) and the Meuse (Maas), both of which initiation in France, flow through Belgium, pass through the Netherlands, and empty into the North Sea. IV. affectionate Institutions a. Family i. The nuclear family Belgians are among the happiest, most satisfied plurality in the creative activity and among the least likely to leave their country. happiness is a safe and comfortable life shared with family and friends. Much of the Belgian culture revolves round their family. The Belgian family has remained very close-knit despite striking changes in society due to industrialization.Most children have a strong sense of loyalty not only to their parents, precisely also to grandparents, siblings and cousins. The extended family has remained relatively close. It is not unusual for a family to live in the same nearness or even the sa me house end-to-end a lifetime. The average Belgian family size is 2. 9 large number. ii. The extended family The extended family has remained relatively close. It is not unusual for a family to live in the same neighborhood or even the same house throughout a lifetime. iii. Dynamics of the family . parental roles parents in Belgium sent their children to preschool programs so that they could learn to become more mugwump and societally adept. Most Belgian children over age 2 attend these state- monetary funded programs full-time. Belgian parents listed smaller classes and more physical statement and harmony as wanted improvements. 2. Marriage and Courtship Long marriage engagements are common, as is bread and butter together before or instead of marriage. Only civil marriages are legal, moreover many couples also have a religious ceremony. As you declare your wedding in Belgium, the first thing that you moldinessiness do is to print two wedding invitations, one from the grooms family and the otherwise from the brides family. The invitations are a emblem of the union of the two families as well as the beginning of the new union. Following the antediluvian Belgium tradition the bride mustiness walk up the isle to hand her return a single flower which is followed by an embracing. After your marriage is over the bride presents the grooms mother a single flower and then the two of them embrace. This symbolizes the brides acceptance of her new mother which is simply fantastic.Another noteworthy wedding feature in Belgium is that the bride must carry a specially embroidered handkerchief with her name on it. This is required as after your marriage celebration is over this handkerchief is framed and hung on the wall in a place of honor. at that place is more to add to this tradition. This very handkerchief is passed on to the next female member of the brides family when she plans to get married. iv. distaff/Male Roles Fathers are ultimate decision m akers. Mothers discipline and rule household matters v. Education 1. The role of education in society a. Primary b. Secondary c. high d. The structure of the educational clay consists of pre school (3-6 divisions) sestet years of primary school and six years of secondary school. Belgium has two systems of education the state system and the private (mostly Catholic) system. Education is free in both of these systems, and the curriculum is the same. There are four types of education General Secondary Education (ASO) general education mostly theoretical that prepares students for higher education. Art Secondary Education (KSO) Along with general depicted objects, students lay down visual arts, music, dance, drama, etc.A previous knowledge of the subject is required. Professional Secondary Education (BSO) in this category students may choose from a selection of courses such a hairdressing, car mechanics, and sewing, among others. Students completing the 12th year level receive cert ificate of higher secondary education. This diploma is sufficient for higher specialized study interpreting, architecture, technical engineering, pedagogy, etc. Only 16 17% of Belgian students graduate at this level. Education is considered very in-chief(postnominal) in Belgium. Therefore bill are high and students take school very seriously.At Christmas and Easter schools are closed for two workweeks. Carnaval and All Saints Day (Nov. 1) bring short breaks of a week each. Summer holidays (vacation) last from June 30 to September 1. 2. Literacy pass judgment 99% over 15 tush read and write vi. Political System 1. Political Structure federal parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarchy 2. Political Parties Flemish parties Christian Democratic and Flemish or CDV Marianne THYSSEN Dedecker List Jean-Marie DEDECKER Flemish Liberals and Democrats or Open VLD Bart SOMERS Groen Mieke VOGELS (formerly AGALEV, Flemish Greens) New Flemish adherence or N-VA Bart DE WEVER Soc ial Liberal Party or SLP Geert LAMBERT note prior to 19 April 2008, kn bear as Spirit Social Progressive Alternative or SP. A Caroline GENNEZ Vlaams Belang (Flemish Interest) or VB Bruno VALKENIERS Francophone parties Ecolo (Francophone Greens) Jean-Michel JAVAUX, Isabelle DURANT Humanist and Democratic Center or CDH Joelle MILQUET National Front or FN Daniel HUYGENS Reform Movement or MR Didier REYNDERS Socialist Party or PS Elio DI RUPO other minor parties 3.Stability of Government Very Stable Original member of EU and debt = 80% of GDP 4. Special Taxes Expatriates in Belgium are generally regarded as Belgian tax residents and are therefore subject to Belgian income tax on their worldwide income. However, the Belgian authorities have promote multi subject areas to transfer foreign executives to Belgium by introducing special tax concessions to non-Belgians who are temporarily working in the country. The tax concessions allow such expatriates to be treated as non-residents for tax purposes. The concessions do not apply to inheritance tax.To qualify for these special concessions, a calculate of factors are considered e. g. does the employment contract specify a expressage time? , has the expatriates family moved? , is the expatriates centre of economic and/or personal interest in Belgium? , is the employment with a overtaking entity? . Under the special concessions Only Belgian sourced income is taxable, including property income and dividend income, although summarize world-wide, earned income must be declared. Municipal taxes are payable at 7% of total income tax payable.There is no capital gains tax, except for authorized types of sale of Belgian property. Expatriates who benefit from the non-residents special tax regime dissolvenot invoke double tax income agreements because they only apply for the benefit of Belgian residents. 5. Role of Local Government apiece of the provinces has a council of 50 to 90 members elected for four-year terms by come in suffrage and empowered to legislate in matters of local concern. A governor, appointed by the king, is the highest executive officer in each province. There are 589 communes.Each municipality has a town council elected for a six-year term. The council elects an executive body called the board of aldermen. The head of the municipality is the burgomaster, who is appointed by the sovereign upon nomination by the town council. Recently, the number of municipalities has been greatly reduced through consolidation. vii. Legal System 1. Organization of judiciary system The judiciary is an independent branch of presidential term on an equal bridgehead with the legislative and the executive branches. Minor offenses are dealt with by justices of the peace and police tribunals.More serious offenses and civil lawsuits are brought before district courts of first instance. other(a) district courts are commerce and labour party tribunals. Verdicts rendered by these courts may be appea led before 5 regional courts of appeal or the 5 regional labor courts in Antwerp, Brussels, Ghent, Mons, and Liege. All offenses punishable by prison sentences of more than five years must be dealt with by the eleven courts of assize (one for each province and the urban mall of Brussels), the only jury courts in Belgium. The highest courts are five civil and criminal courts of appeal and the supreme Court of Cassation.The latters function is to verify that the law has been properly utilise and interpreted. The constitutionality of legislation is the province of the Council of State, an advisory legal group. 2. Code, common, socialist, or Islamic law country? Belgian Civil Code 3. Participation in Patents, trademarks, other conventions Yes viii. Social Organizations 1. Group behavior 2. Social Classes There is a relatively even distribution of wealth, with 5 to 6 percent living close to the poverty line. The majority of the population is middle class.The vast majority has equa l opportunities for education and a professional life. There is a very inclusive social security system. 3. Clubs, some other organizations Belgium hosts many international organizations and hundreds of lobbying-groups, but their presence has little direct impact on social life. The most influential organizations are the Catholic Church and its affiliates and social organizations related to the pillars, such as trade unions. 4. Race, Ethnicity, and Sub culture The nations cultural diversity has been enriched by international and local immigration.The high numbers of Flemish name calling in the south and Walloon names in the north indicate long time internal mobility. In the last hundred years the most important immigrant groups were Jews who form a sizable community in Antwerp Poles, who came in the early 1930s and after the fall of communism Italians (in the 1930s and 1950s) and North Africans and Turks, who arrived in the 1960s. There are many recent immigrants from other count ries in the European Union as well as many expatriates working in or around European Union institutions and NATO headquarters.The percentage of noncitizens in the population is high at 15 percent nationally and 28 percent in Brussels. ix. clientele custom and practices- Relationships & Communication. Although third-party introductions are not necessary, they often smooth the way. .Regardless of how you are introduced, you must always be polite and well mannered. .Belgians are careful and prudent so take time before they trust others, be they individuals or representatives of companies. .Business dealings tend to be bureaucratic. There are many procedures and a great deal of paperwork. Belgians are excellent linguists and many are sufficiently fluent to conduct meetings in English. .Belgians prefer subtlety to directness, believing that subtlety is a animadversion of intelligence. .Although they are more direct in their talk than many cultures, if a response is too direct it may b e seen as simplistic. .They prefer communication to be logical and based on reason . Belgians often engage in long, critical discussions before reaching a decision so that they can be certain that they have considered all the alternatives. They believe it is rude to be confrontational. Business Meeting Etiquette .Appointments are necessary .The person you are meeting impart generally set the time for the meeting, usually mid morning or mid afternoon. .Avoid scheduling meetings during July and August, which are prime vacation times the week before Easter and the week between Christmas and New Year. .Everyone is expected to arrive on time .Arriving late may brand you as unreliable. .Meetings are testicle .First appointments are more socially than business oriented, as Belgians prefer to do business with those they know. Do not remove your jacket during a meeting. adorn Etiquette .Men should wear dark coloured, conservative business suits with white shirts and silk ties. .Women shou ld wear business suits or conservative dresses. .Men should only wear laced shoes, neer loafers or other slip-ons, as they are too casual. .Polished shoes are an integral part of a professional image. Business Cards .Business cards are exchanged without formal ritual. .Have one side of your business card translated into French or Dutch. This shows respect and understanding of the linguistic inheritance of your colleagues. If you have meetings in both areas, have two sets of business cards printed, and be careful to use the proper ones. .Present your business card so the recipient can read the side with their national language. V. Religion and Aesthetics a. Religion and other belief systems i. Orthodox doctrines and structures Catholicism is the main religious faith. The government financially supports the Catholic and Protestant churches as well as the Jewish and Muslim faiths. The Catholic Church controls an important network of schools with 70 percent of the pupils in secondary education and two main universities.Religious beliefs and practice declined during the twentieth century, but approximately 65 percent of Belgians believe in God. Many people who say they do not believe in God take part in religious rituals for major events such as baptisms, weddings, and funerals. Minority faiths involve Muslims, Jews, and Protestants. ii. Relationships with the people The Catholic Church controls an important network of schools with 70 percent of the pupils in secondary education and two main universities. iii. Prominent religions Catholicism iv. social status of each religion v. Any powerful or influential cults? No b. Aesthetics i.Visual Arts The golden age of graphic arts lasted from the fourteenth century to the seventeenth century and was embodied mostly in painting. The Flemish Primitives school of painting (fourteenth and fifteenth centuries) made the region the main artistic center of Europe outside of Italy. Artists such as Jan Van Eyck (13951441) an d Rogier Van Der Weyden (14001464) were interested in spatial composition and psychology and rendered the colors and textures of living and tangible objects with realism. The main artistic figure of the next century was Pieter Breughel the Elder (15251569), with his lively paintings of peasant life.Pieter Paul Rubens (15771640) was the most famous painter of his time, receiving commissions from European sovereigns. His main snap was on the human figure. Rubens influenced Anthony Van Dyk (15991641) and Jacob Jordaens (15931678). The graphic arts declined until the late nineteenth century, when James Ensor and Rene Magritte (in the twentieth century) revived the avant-garde. The most innovative works of living artists can be seen in contemporary art museums in Antwerp and Ghent. ii. Music Classical, Blues and Jazz, Folk, Pop and Rock iii.Performing arts The Franco-Flemish style dominated European music in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, with composers such as Josquin des Pr ez and Orlando di Lasso. In the twentieth century, the most famous Belgian musician was the singer Jacques Brel. Several living classical composers are active. The harmonica player Toots Thielemans is the most famous jazz musician. The Blindman Kwartet combines jazz, pop, and classical music. The presence in Brussels between 1959 and 1987 of the French choreographer Maurice Bejart stimulated a new generation of choreographers.The main theatrical centers are De Singel in Antwerp and the Kaai Teater in Brussels. Several theaters and orchestras are supported by the government. iv. Folklore and relevant symbols The calotte (plural calottes, French from Provencal calota or Italian callotta), is a skullcap worn by students at catholic universities in Belgium. In the front of the calotte are banding representing the Belgium flag (black, yellow and red) and stripes representing the colors of the city or the university where the calotte has been received.At the back of the calotte, the fac ulty of the student is represented by a color and a symbol, with if needed an additional symbol to determine the speciality. Golden tracks around the calotte represent the number of years that the student has studied successfully (if a year has to be retaken, a silver star will represent it). In addition to that, a number of official and personal pins will be added to the calotte, all representing something about its owner examples allow functionary position in a student organisation (above the considered years star) Hobbies and occupations (cardplayer, partyer ) Character (patriot, lazy ) the meaning of the calotte has evolved, but whatever the theories may be on its origins, the calotte is mainly a sign that indicates the students belonging to a group. The student is also able to express his individuality by wearing several insignia on the calotte that will reflect their academician curriculum, their personal interests and even their character. VI. Living Conditions a. Diet and Nutrition i.Meat and vegetable consumption rates Bread and potatoes are the traditional staple foods. Most meals include, pork, chicken, or beef, and Seafood is popular in the northern part of the country. The national drink is beer, but wine is imported in large quantities. In northern cities, popular dishes include mussels with fries and waterzooi a broth of vegetables and meat or lean. Throughout the country, French fries are eaten with steaks or minced raw meat. Cooking is traditionally done with butter rather than oil there is also a high consumption of dairy products. ii.Typical Meals Traditionally, the noon meal is the main meal of the day businessmen take a two-hour break and most children come home from school. This is the meal that begins with soup or hors doeuvres, then a hearty meat or fish dish with potatoes, followed by a separate course of salad or cooked vegetables. Frequently the meat is carved in the kitchen and the platter garnished with seasonal picvegetab les. It is interesting to note that picvegetables and salads are almost a social status symbol the higher the level, the more picvegetables and salads are used.For most families, however, potatoes are the only vegetable requirement. A dessert for dinner would be fruit and cheese, a tart or pudding. Wine or beer is usually served as well iii. Malnutrition rates n/a iv. Foods available The Belgian market offers good opportunities and has enjoyed considerable growth in recent years in the following areas 1. health and organic foods, 2. energy foods and sports drinks, 3. snack foods, 4. ethnic foods, 5. made and microwave products, 6. frozen and fresh food and vegetables, 7. ried fruits and nuts, 8. wine, 9. specialty meats such as bison and pet food, 10. seafood, and 11. specialty products (e. g. kosher food, wild rice,maple products and other confectionery goods etc. ) b. lodging i. Owning your own home isnt considered such an important an investment as it is in some other count ries. Types of housing available While property in Belgium is cheap by UK standards, the various fees, charges and deposits associated with buying a house and securing a mortgage are likely to discourage all but the most find out buyers.Theres no mortgage relief on income tax ii. Do more people own or rent? More own iii. Do most live in one family dwellings or with other families? One family c. Clothing i. National Dress Belgians, especially those in the cities, wear groundbreaking Western-style apparel. The ethnic costumes of the Flemings and Walloons are seldom worn today. On some farms women still wear the traditional dark-colored clothing and white aprons, and men wear the old-fashioned caps. ii. Types of clothes worn at work Men who work in offices are expected to wear suit jackets to work.It is generally acceptable for women to wear slacks to work. d. Recreation, sports, and other leisure activities i. Types available and in demand The most popular participant sport in Belgium is bicycling. Belgians also participate in and watch soccer, and there are many regional teams. Other sports popular in Belgium include tennis, horseback riding, hiking, and skiing. Belgians also enjoy the popular European sport of sand sailing. A strain of minicar with sails called a sand yacht is driven along the coast, powered by the wind.Also popular, especially in Wallonia, is pigeon racing. As many as 100,000 pigeons may be entered in a single race. Like many other Europeans, Belgians are avid soccer fans. There are over sixty teams in the national league. Concerts and theater are popular evening pastimes in the cities, and Brussels also has opera, ballet, and cafe cabarets (restaurants with musical entertainment such as singing and dancing). ii. Percentage of income played out on such activities 9. 5% e. Social Security Belgium has a comprehensive system of social security, which applies to all residents.It crosscuts family benefits, unemployment amends, work acc ident policy, health care, old age and in soundity pensions, and long-term care insurance. Belgium takes great pride in its benefits systems and the quality of its social security services, although the high cost of providing those services and benefits (employer contributions of up to 40 per cent plus employee contributions of up to 20 per cent of gross pay) has recently prompted the government to consider changes to the social security system in an attempt to encourage individuals to lease greater responsibility for the costs of retirement, disability and even health care. . HealthCare Health insurance is mandatory in Belgium, and basic cover is generally provided by the national social security system. Contributions are paid by both employers and employees, and most forms of public assistance (unemployment benefit, old age pensions, certain forms of sickness and maternal quality benefits) are paid net of withholdings for health insurance, the benefit authority effectively payin g the employer contributions. Foreigners coming to live in Belgium without working (e. . retirees and the idle rich) must generally produce proof of health insurance in order to obtain a residence permit. There are special health insurance plans, valid in a number of countries, designed specifically for the needs of expatriates and those who travel frequently. If you qualify for non-resident tax status, you may not be required to contribute to national social security, in which case you will probably be covered by your employers health care plan. (You should check All employees and self-employed people in Belgium must contribute to a health insurance fund ( mutualite/ziekenfonds) as part of the normal social security enrolment process. Some money are restricted to members of various religious, political or professional organisations for historic reasons, but most are open to all. Your employer should be able to provide you with tuition about available funds, and you should ask nei ghbours or colleagues for recommendations. All funds charge the same basic contribution and pay similar benefits, but some take longer than others to make reimbursements.Health insurance contributions are made by your employer directly to your chosen fund. These amount to 7. 35 per cent of your gross salary, of which 3. 55 per cent is withheld from your pay and the remaining 3. 8 per cent contributed by your employer. If youre self-employed, you contribute the full 7. 35 per cent through your quarterly social security payments. underwrite is automatically provided for dependent family members, including spouses (if they dont have their own cover) and children up to the age of 18.When you enrol in a Belgian health fund, theres a six-month waiting period before you can claim benefits. This waiting period can be waived if you were previously included for at least six months in another persons health cover (i. e. as a dependant) or, in many cases, if you were covered by a state health care plan (or the equivalent) in another EU country for at least six months before your arrival in Belgium. For most medical services, you must pay the bill and then submit the receipt for reimbursement.Reimbursements are usually less than the charges incurred, and most Belgians take out supplementary health insurance to cover the unreimbursed portion or to upgrade their cover from the statutory level. Many employers provide supplementary health insurance cover as an employment benefit, or you can purchase individual cover. Supplementary health insurance is also available to self-employed people through professional associations and private insurers. In typical Belgian fashion, the exact nature of what is and isnt covered by the state system is rather complicated.Services rendered by most doctors and specialists, hospitalisation, prescriptions, pregnancy and childbirth, rehabilitation and other forms of therapy are normally covered, although the self-employed are covered only for ma jor risks, which include mental illness, tuberculosis, cancer, hereditary diseases and birth defects, most types of surgery and childbirth. There are no fewer than 18 categories of medical procedure and service, each with its own reimbursement level, varying from 0 to 100 per cent (although the number of items qualifying for 100 per cent reimbursement is evermore diminishing because of funding problems).There are also certain preferred categories of people who are entitled to a higher level of reimbursement for many items, including widows, orphans and those receiving certain forms of public aid (e. g. the blind). A standard doctors appointment, for example, is normally reimbursed at 75 per cent, whereas those in a preferred category may be reimbursed at 85 or 90 per cent, depending on their circumstances. Its wise to keep copies of all receipts and any other documents you send to your health insurance fund in case anything is lost.Rather than sending each receipt separately, its o ften better to collect all receipts for a stipulation illness or accident or all receipts during a three or six-month period before submitting them for reimbursement. If you have supplementary insurance, your health fund usually forwards information to your private insurer, and both insurers normally pay reimbursements directly into your bank account. If youre hospitalised, you must usually pay a intractable daily accommodation fee, either in advance or when youre discharged, but the hospital normally sends all other bills directly to your health insurance fund.In the case of prescriptions, if you take most of them to the same chemist, its usually possible to register with him so that he bills your health insurance fund directly. In this way you pay only the unreimbursed portion of the prescription fees, as well as saving yourself the headache of keeping track of your payments. Prescriptions are subject to a particularly complex scale of reimbursement percentages, according to the social and medical usefulness of each medicine and whether its available off the shelf or must be made up by a chemist.Certain types of medicines have maximum patient contribution levels, where 100 per cent of charges are reimbursed after a certain period. VII. Language a. Official Language(s) Belgium has three official languages French, German, and Flemish, which is similar to Dutch. b. Spoken vs. Written languages- N/A c. Dialects Dutch in Belgium is virtually identical to Dutch in the Netherlands, with the exception of a few local terms and expressions, although certain areas in Dutch-speaking Belgium have local dialects that can sometimes be incomprehensible to speakers of standard Dutch.The French spoken in Belgium is standard but with its own distinctive accent (at least according to the French ) and a few specialised words, notably the use of septante and nonante for 70 and 90 instead of soixante-dix and quatre-vingt-dix. (Oddly, the Belgians do use quatre-vingt for the nu mber 80 rather than octante, which is used in Switzerland and some other francophone areas of the world. ) VIII. Executive stocky IX. Sources of Information

Night World : Witchlight Chapter 8

Keller was tempted to check the wards, but she k new-made it wouldnt do every good. She wasnt sensitive enough to the slime eels energies to gauge them. Theyd been put up by Grandma Harman and checked by Winnie, and she would have to trust to that.The wards were k middled so that only the Dominick family and ordinary humans could buzz off in spot. No Night Person could enter except Nissa, Winnie, Keller, and Galen. Which meant, Keller thought with a grim smile, that any lost witch relatives of Ilianas m separate who came by were going away to abide stamp out quite a surprise. An invisible w completely was going to be blocking them from crossing the threshold.As long as nobody on the inside withdraw the wards, the house was safer than Fort Knox.Grandma Harman had also taken the limo, Keller imbed. Sometime during the night, it had been replaced by an inconspicuous Ford sedan parked at the curb. The keys had been in a manila envelope dropped through the mail slot in the straw man threshold, along with a map of Lucy Lee Bethea High School.Circle Daybreak was efficient. I didnt intercept my hair, Iliana complained as Nissa hustled her to the car. Its only half d wizard. It looks terrific, Winnie say from behind her. And the thing was, it was true. There was nonhing that could make that shimmering waterfall of silvery-gold look anything less than beautiful.Whether it was up or down, plait or pinned or falling loose, it was glorious.I dont even speak up the little nitwit has to brush it, Keller thought. Its so fine that she couldnt make both hairs tangle if she tried. And I left my scarfHere it is. Keller lassoed her. The scarf was ridiculous, crushed velvet in muted metallic colors, with a six-inch fringe. Purely decorative.Iliana choked as Keller wound it near a few times and pulled it tight A little aggressive, Boss? Winfrith asked, extricating Iliana onward she could turn blue. Worried about being late, Keller said shortly. But she motto Nissa eyeing her, too.Galen was the last to come out of the house. He was pale and serious-that much Keller saw before she shifted her eyes bypast him. Ilianas mother actually remained standing at the adit with the baby in her arms.Say bye-bye to your sisters friends. Bye-bye. Kee-kee, the baby said. Kee-keeWave to him, Winfrith stage-whispered.Keller gritted her teeth. She half-waved, mentioning her senses opened for any sound of an impending attack. The baby held out his arms toward her.PuiLets crap out of here. Keller almost shoved Iliana into the backseat.Nissa took the wheel, and Galen sat up front with her. Winnie ran around to get in the back on the other side of Iliana.As they pulled out, Keller saw the out-of-door of the house for the first time. It was a nice house-white clapboard, two and a half stories, Colonial Revival. The street was nice, too, lined with dogwoods that would be a mass of white when they bloomed. The configuration of street where people sat outside on t heir rockers in spring and somebody was bound to have a stand of bees in the side yard making sourwood honey.Although Keller had been all over the United States, sent from one Circle Daybreak group to a nonher, the hospital where shed been found had been near a neighborhood identical this.I tycoon have grown up someplace like this. If theyd kept me. My parentsDo I hate her? Keller wondered suddenly. I couldnt. Its not her fault.Oh, no, of course not, the voice in her mind said. Not her fault that shes beautiful and perfect and has parents who love her and blue fire in her veins and that she is going to be forced, whether she wants it or not, to marry GalenWhich I dont care about, Keller thought. She was shocked at herself. When had she of all time let emotion interfere with her job? She was allowing herself to be distracted-she had allowed herself to be distracted all morning-when in that location was something vitally important at stake.No more(prenominal), she told herself f iercely. From now on, I think about nothing but the mission. Years of mental discipline came in apt now she was able to push everything to the side and focus with icy clarity on what had to be done. -stopped a train in its tracks, Winfrith wassaying.Really? There was wanton interest in Kianas voice. At least shed stopped talking about her hair, Keller thought.Really. It was one of those BART trains in San Francisco, Like a subway train, you know. The two misss were on the tracks, and the Wild Power stopped the train dead before it could hit them. Thats what the blue fire can do.Well, I know I cant do anything like that, Iliana said flatly. So I cant be a Wild Power. Or whatever. The last words were tacked on quickly.Nissa raised a cool eyebrow. Have you ever tried to stop a train?While Iliana bit a fingertip and pondered that, Winnie said, You have to do it right, you know. First, you have to make blood flow, and then you have to concentrate. Its not something you can expect to d o perfectly the very first time.If you want to start practicing, Nissa added, we can help.Diana shuddered. No, thank you. I faint when I see blood. And anyway, Im not it.Too bad, Nissa murmured. We could use the blue fire on our side today.They were pulling up to a charming old brownish brick high school. Neither Galen nor Keller had said a word throughout the ride.But now Keller leaned forward. Nissa, drive past it. I want to check the layout first.Nissa swung the car into a circular driveway that went past the schools oversized front doors. Keller looked right and left, taking in everything about the surroundings. She could see Winnie doing the same thing-and Galen, too. He was focusing on the same danger spots she was. He had the instinct for strategy.Go around the block and circle back, Keller said.Iliana stirred. I thought you were worried about me being late.Im more worried about you being dead, Keller interrupted. What do you think, Nissa?The side door on the tungsten. Easy to pull up reasonably close, no bushes around it for nasty surprises to hide in.Thats my pick, too. Okay, everybody, listen. Nissas going to slow the car down in the right place. Slow down, not stop. When I give the signal, were all going to jump out and go directly to that door. We are not going to pause. We are going to move as a group. Iliana, are you paying attention? From now on, you dont go anywhere unless Winnies in front of you and Im beside you.And wheres Galen? Iliana said.Keller cursed herself mentally. She wasnt utilise to working with a fourth team member. Hell be behind us-okay, Galen? She made herself look his way.Yes. Whatever you say. There wasnt the slightest hint of sarcasm in his face. He was dead serious. Absolutely miserable, earnest, and dead serious.And Nissa, once youve parked, you join us and take the other side. What rooms your first class in, Iliana?Three twenty-six, Iliana said dismally. U.S. History with Mr. Wanamaker. He went to revolutionary York t o try to be an actor, but all he got was some disease from not eating enough stuff with vitamins. So he came back, and now hes authentically strict unless you can get him to do his impressions of the presidents-All right, Keller broke in. Were coming to the door.-and hes actually pretty funny when he does Theodore Roosevelt-or do I mean the other one-Now, Keller said, and pushed her as Winnie pulled.They all made it out smoothly, although Iliana yelped a little. Keller kept a good discover on her arm as they hurried to the door.I dont think I like this way of coming to school.We can turn right around and go back home, Keller said. Iliana shut up.Galen kept pace behind them, reserved and focused.It was Nissas usual position when the team wasnt heading for a car, and Keller couldnt help feeling the difference. She didnt like having someone behind her she couldnt trust absolutely. And although the enemies didnt seem to know yet that Galen was important, if they found out, hed become a target Face it, she thought. This setup is a disaster, security-wise. This is a horrendous accident waiting to happen.Her nerves were wound so tightly that she jumped at the slightest sound.They shepherded Iliana to her locker, then up a staircase to the third floor. The halls were almost empty, which was exactly as Keller had planned it.But of course that meant they were late for class. Nissa slid in beside them full as they opened the door. They entered as a group, and the teacher stopped talking and looked at them. So did everybody else in the room.Quite a few jaws dropped open.Keller allowed herself a grim internal smile.Yeah, they were probably a bit of a shock for a small town. Four Night People-well, former Night People, anyway. A witch who was almost as small as Iliana, with a mop of vivid strawberry-blond curls and a face like a pixie on holiday. A vampire girl who looked like cool perfection straight out of a magazine, with cropped mink-colored hair and a strangely pe netrating gaze. A shapeshifter boy who could have taken the place of any prince in a book of fairy tales, with hair like old gold and classically sculptured features.And, of course, a panther. Which happened to be base on balls on two feet at the moment, in the guise of a tall girl with a tense, wary expression and black hair that swirled witchlike around her.And, of course, there was Iliana in the midst of them, looking like a ballet dancer who had blundered in from the Nutcracker Suite.There was a silence as the two groups stared at each other.Then the teacher snapped shut his book and advanced on them. Keller held herself ready. He had a neatly trimmed beard and a dangerous expression.It was Iliana who took him on, though. She stepped forward before Keller could draw a breath to speak.Mr. Wanamaker These are my cousins Well- some of them are my cousins. Theyre fromCalifornia. Hollywood Theyre here to do research for . . .Were really just visiting, Keller cut in.A new show about a high school. Not like that other show. Its more of a reality-based-Its just a visit, Keller said.But your dad is a storied producer, Iliana said. She added in an undertone to Mr. Wanamaker, You know, like that other producer.All eyes, including the teachers, fixed on Keller.Yes-thats right, Keller said, and smiled while clenching her teeth. But were becalm just visiting. She nudged Winnie with her elbow, but it wasnt necessary. Winnie was already staring at the teacher, brainwashing him with witch power.Mr. Wanamaker bunked. He weighed the book he was holding as if he were Hamlet holding Yoricks skull. He looked at it, then he looked at Winnie and blinked again.Then he shrugged and looked at the ceiling. Okay. Whatever. Sit down. There are some chairs at the back. And Im still marking you tardy. But Keller noticed that as he returned to his desk, his military capability was very erect.She did the best she could to glare at Iliana without drawing any further attention to them. A famous producer? she whispered through her teeth.I dont know. It was more interesting than just saying youre friends.You dont need life to get any more interesting, Bubblebrain, Keller thought, but she didnt say anything. She found one thing out that strike her, though, and she found it out quickly. Her job was made harder by the fact that everyone at the school was in love with Iliana.It was strange. Keller was used to getting attention from bozos-and ignoring it. And Nissa and Winnie both were the fiber that had to beat them off with sticks. But here, although the guys looked at her and Nissa and Winnie, their eyes always seemed to return to Iliana.At break, they crowded around her like bees around a flower. And not just guys, either. Girls, too. bothone seemed to have something to say to her or just wanted to see her smile.It was a bodyguards nightmare.What do they see in her? Keller thought, frustrated almost beyond endurance as she tried to edge Iliana away from the crowd. I mean, aside from the obvious. But if all this is about her looksIt wasnt. It didnt seem to be. They werent all hitting on her for dates.Hey, Iliana, my granddaddy loved that get well card you made.Illie, are you going to tie the ribbons this year for the Christmas benefit bears? Nobody else can make those teeny-weeny bows.Oh, Iliana, something awful Bugsy had five puppies, and Mom says we cant keep them. Weve got to find them all homes. Iliana, I need help- Wait, Iliana, I have to ask you- Okay, but why come to her? Keller thought as she finally managed to detach the girl from her fan club and steer her into the hall. I mean, she can hardly be the best problem solver in this school, can she?There was one guy who seemed to like Iliana for the obvious. Keller disliked him on sight. He was good-looking in a carefully manicured way, with deep chestnut hair, deep blue eyes, and very white teeth. He was wearing expensive clothes, and he smiled a lot, but only at Iliana.Brett, Iliana sai d as he accosted them in the hall.Brett Ashton-Hughes. One of the rich twins who were having the birthday party on Saturday night Keller disliked him even more, especially when he gave her a coolly appreciative once-over before returning his attention to Iliana.Hey, blondie. You still coming Saturday?Iliana giggled. Keller stifled the urge to hit something.Of course, Ill be there. I wouldnt miss it.Because, you know, it would kill Jaime if you didnt come. Were only inviting a few people, and well have the whole west wing to ourselves. We can even dance in the ballroom.Dianas eyes went dreamy. That sounds so romantic. I always wanted to dance in a real superannuated ballroom. Ill feel just like Scarlett OHara.No, Keller thought. No, no, no. No way is she going there. Shes going to the Solstice Ceremony, where the shapeshifters and the witches are meeting, even if I have to drag her by the hair.She caught Nissas eye and saw that Nissa was thinking the same. Galen and Winnie were sim ply watching Brett with troubled looks on their faces.Yeah, and I can be Brett Butler, Brett was saying. Plus, the indoor swimming pool will be heated. So if you get tired of being Scarlett, you can be a mermaid for a while.It sounds wonderful Tell Jaime I said so.Winnie bit her lip. Keller got a fresh grip on Dianas arm and started guiding her away.So its a promise, right? Brett called after her.Keller squeezed.Yes, but-oh. Iliana managed to smile and wince at the same time, her arm limp in Kellers grasp. Oh, Brett, theres one thing. Ive got my cousin and her friends staying with me.Brett hesitated an instant, giving each girl on Kellers team the appraising look. Then he shrugged and flashed a smile. Hey, no problem. Bring them all. Your friends are our friends.That wasnt what I was hard to tell you, Keller said when they were away from Brett. Iliana was rubbing her arm with an aggrieved expression. Then what? I thought it would be fun for you to go. What do you mean, then what? Y oure going to the Solstice Ceremony that night, so you shouldnt have promised him. I am not going to the Solstice Ceremony that night, because Im not the one youre looking for. It wasnt the time to argue. Keller kept her moving down the hall. Keller wasnt happy. Her nerves were all prickling, and she felt like a cat with its fur standing on end. Very soon, Iliana wasnt happy, either. I always eat lunch in the cafeteria Not today, Keller said, know she sounded as brusque and tired as she felt. We cant risk it Youve got to be in a room, alone, someplace where we can control access to you. The music room, Winnie said helpfully. I saw it on the map and asked a girl about it in Englishclass. Its open during lunch, and theres only one door.I dont want to-You dont have a choiceIliana sulked in the music room. The problem was that she wasnt very good at sulking, and you could only tell she was doing it because when she offered her cookies to Nissa, she only insisted once. Keller paced nerv ously in the hallway in front of the door. She could hear Winnie and Galen inside talking. Even Galens voice sounded white-faced and strained.Somethings wrong Ive had a bad feeling ever since we got to this school and it isnt any easier having him around.Part of her was worried that he might take this opportunity to come and try to talk to her. And part of her, a very deep inside part, was furious because he wasnt doing it.Goddess Ive got to get my mind clear. Every second that Im not in control of my emotions means an opportunity for them.She was so absorbed in yelling at herself that she almost missed the girl walking past her. Keller was almost at the end of the hall, and she had to do a double-take to realize that somebody had just calmly slipped by.Hey, wait, she said to the girls back. The girl was medium-sized and had hair the soft brown of oak leaves, slightly longer than shoulder-length. She was walking fast She didnt stop. Wait Im talking to you, girl That door is off limi ts.The girl didnt turn, didnt even pause. She was almost at the door to the music room. Stop right there Or youre going to get hurtNot even a hesitation in the girls step. She turned into the door. A thousand red alerts went off in Kellers head.

Problem Of The Endometriosis Disease Health And Social Care Essay

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicines ( NSAIDs ) for illustration isobutylphenyl propionic acid or naproxen Na be normally administrated to facilitate catamenial cramping and pelvic cause to be perceived. Although they do non fade endometrial implants, they help to diminish prostaglandin mathematical products which produce pain esthesis. 4 Most of medical interventions available depend on break of oestrogen endocrine production by the ovaries as adenomyosis occurs during menses. GnRH parallels and unwritten safety pills atomic number 18 some illustrations of medicines. 4 Gonadotropin-releasing endocrine parallels ( GnRH parallels )These drugs are really effectual to write out down the surface of Endometriosis implants besides relieve hurting. They inhi second regulative endocrines secernment from pituitary secretory organ and suppress estrogen production to halt menses. 4 Figure 2 GnRH parallels available in Gluteal injection, www.drugs.com/pro/risperdal-consta.htmlTo guarantee the success of the intervention, estrogen and Lipo-Lutin are driven to bend side effects. 4 ( 135 )Oral pr thus fartive pillsThese are the most common combination of estrogen and Lipo-Lutin in the signifier of ( OCP ) to handle Endometriosis. Women with terrible catamenial hurting demand to take it continuously. 4 As a consequence, menses Michigans and this willing liberate them from enduring the painful, straitening experience of Endometriosis.Other drugs used to handle adenomyosisDanazol ( Danocrine )It is a type of man-made drug that produces a high androgen ( male endocrine ) but low estrogen ( female endocrine ) . It is proven that 80 % of adult females overcome the hurting with decrease of the Endometriosis implants size. 4 furthermore, it is normally prescribed to cut down line of business loss particularly during hypermenorrhea. 26 Womans h rareing liver, kidney, and bosom jobs are non recommended to take Danazol. 4 Figure 3 Danazol consequence, hyper text transfer protocol //www.glowm.com/resources/glowm/graphics/figures/v5/0590/03.gif( 130 )B ) Surgical interventionIf medical interventions do non work, or Endometriosis is terrible, surgery is the concluding pick. It is applied on status where there is pelvic variety meats anatomic deformation, intestine or urinary piece of land obstructor. Surgery stool be classified as conservative or unequivocal. The purpose of conservative is to continue the ovarian tissue and womb, turn unequivocal involve hysterectomy ( uterus remotion ) with or without removable of some(prenominal) ovaries. 5 Laparoscopy is through in conservative surgery by utilizing optical maser to destruct Endometriosis sedimentations, take ovarian cysts, divide adhesions, and egest every bit small healthy tissue as possible. 6 Surgery is really effectual to cut down hurting, but the success to better bomber birth rate depends on the badness of the disease in the first topographic point. There is 60 % success rat e of gestation for adult females with moderate Endometriosis, while exactly 35 % opportunity for adult females with terrible disease. 6 3 Figure 4 Laparoscopy initiation hypertext transfer protocol //www.monlezun.com/endo8.jp( 148 )Social and Economic DeductionsWomans enduring with Endometriosis normally do non recognize that they are h superannuateding the disease until they are affected severely by it. For them, the hurting is normal without seeing a doctor for cheque up. Patients will happen it hard to make any activities during that period. Plus, their emotions are in unstable status and this can take to emphasize to the single herself. 21 This might cushion the relationship between the tolerants and the throng around them. Besides that, loss of appetency will do them to doze off weight and do their natural constructionsgo irresolute due to miss of nutrition. In an article of Rapi Magazine, published on 15 April 2009, a patient named Nor Hasnilah said that the hurt ing was intense and affected her severely until she even can non travel to work. The lone thing she can make was lying on the bed and her duties as a female parent of two kids and a married woman were neglected. 21 Therefore supports from hubby, household members and friends are vitally of import for adult females covering with Endometriosis.Furthermore, sometimes these patients are sterile. 5 Inability of getting a kid will do the patient to be in a great hurt particularly for twosomes who have been married for several old ages. Taking medicines in which the side effects are sometimes hard to digest will be an obstruction for them and accordingly do the patient to lose hope. They may experience abashed and deficiency of assurance when confronting people or frustrated by deficiency of energy. This could take to serious societal impact and concerns to people around them.In add-on, the cost depends on the type of interventions chosen. Selected interventions such as utilizing the newer drugs like GnRH agonist and surgery are more expensive. The cost of surgery depends on patient s venue and the extent of his/her surgery. In the U.S, typical outpatient laparoscopy is really dearly-won, normally in the scope of $ 12,000 to $ 15,000. It could be dual if extended surgery is done and the patient is admitted for a few yearss. 11 Hence, it would do immense fiscal load and major economic impact to the household.( 359 )Benefits and HazardsNSAIDs are truly effectual to alleviate hurting and do non necessitate other medicines if they do work. However, frequent used of these drugs will advance the development of ulcers and Gastrointestinal piece of land shed blooding. such effects could be monitored carefully by doctors since the drugs were being administered under them. 27 GnRH parallels and Aromatase inhibitors work efficaciously to alleviate hurting and shrivel the size of Endometriosis implants. lack of estrogen production due to these drugs will do osteoporosi s, weariness, temper alterations, and vaginal waterlessness. Usually physician will give pill incorporating little sum of estrogen and Lipo-Lutin to avoid most of the side effects. 4 Enough Ca consumptions besides are needed to forestall osteoporosis.Drug like OCP helps to alleviate hurting by stamp downing estrogen formation and halt menses. Weight addition, chest tenderness, depression, and irregular uterine hemorrhage are some of the hazards. 4 Patients are advised to take balance provender to acquire adequate foods and exercise on a regular basis to avoid weight addition and to cut down emphasis. Breast tenderness and irregular hemorrhage are merely mild side effects. So patients should be carefully monitored by doctor to avoid even terrible effects.( 190 )Statisticss shows that 75 % adult females develop side effects after taking Danazol. 4 The hazards areFigure 5 Beginning hypertext transfer protocol //images.rxlist.com/images/rxlist/synarel-endo2.gifHowever the alterat ions are reversible. Danazol works efficaciously to alleviate hurting and cut down the size of Endometriosis implants. 4 Hirsutism can be treated by local remotion of unwanted hair 29 while practising healthy life style such as workout and proper(a) consumptions of foods can get the better of other jobs.Basically all of medicines have their ain benefits and hazards. The opportunity for Endometriosis to repeat after surgery can be every bit high as 40 % . 5 Careful observation by doctor is needed although the implants have been removed. It is critical to educate and persuade patients about the hazards.( 139 )Alternate SolutionsAcupuncture and Herb teas TreatmentsHerbal medical specialty uses medicative workss applied internally and externally to bring around disease. Herbs work by heightening the organic social organisation s immune system with natural attack. The use of herbs with modern intervention boosts the effectivity to handle Endometriosis. 9 Combination of herbal e xpression and stylostixis points are chosen harmonizing to the person s Traditional Chinese Medicine diagnosing and different for each individual. Some common stylostixis points for Endometriosis intervention can be located on ears, venters, carpuss, pess, and legs by utilizing acerate leafs for 20 to 45 proceedingss. 9 These combinations help to ease the free flow of energy through the organic structure besides aid to smooth blood flow, interrupt up stagnancy and halt hurting. Each point and herb chosen has its ain healing(predicate) importance in Endometriosis intervention. 9 Great for intestine related hurting I have found that Chinese herbs and stylostixis aid staggeringly in bracing the intestine, and therefore cut downing hurting ( along with a dairy free diet ) . Posted over 6 old ages ago ( 10/24/03 )Beginning hypertext transfer protocol //www.revolutionhealth.com/drugs-treatments/rating/acupuncture-for-endometriosisNaturopathyIt is besides known as natural medical speci alty ( the power of organic structure to mend itself ) . It requires 6-12 months period of intervention depending on the badness and continuance of the status 25 . It is a holistic attack since adenomyosis plan in Naturopathy considers the patient s diet, lifestyle, cleansing and endocrine reconciliation herbs, including hurting alleviation s herbs and external readyings to clear toxicity in abdominal country. Furthermore, instructions for soft exercising plan are besides included. 9 This intervention will success if dietetic and lifestyle alterations are followed purely by the patients to forestall reoccurrences. Combination of diet and non-invasive therapies are conducted to heighten mending procedure. 9 ( 272 )AromatherapyAromatherapy uses the natural aromatic facets of workss into indispensable oils extracted from the seeds, barks, foliages and roots. It operates both through the sense of odor and within the organic structure. 9 Figure 6 Partss of workss used, hypertext t ransfer protocol //www.frienvis.nic.in/Bulletinwork/26.jpgMassage oil is prepared with indispensable oils before rubbed on the tegument. The indispensable oils work by absorbing through the cell tissue and into the blood stream throughout the organic structure. Organs and organic structure systems interact straight with these oils through massage done by the aroma healer. 9 Furthermore for Endometriosis intervention, different indispensable oils with different chemical composing belongingss used can develop healthy digestion, prevent insomnia, hike immune system, back up generative system, and rebalance endocrine system. 9 Therefore, it is proven to get the better of residuary effects of Endometriosis.( 135 )EvaluationMedical interventions by utilizing different types of drugs have been found to handle Endometriosis efficaciously by stamp downing estrogen production hurting and shrivel the Endometriosis implants from mention hypertext transfer protocol //www.medicinenet.com/endom etriosis/page4.htm. This first gear is honorable since it besides agrees with many other beginnings. One of them is http //www.endo-resolved.com/treatment.html which states, Danazol is a mild signifier of the male endocrine testosterone and reduces the sum of estrogen produced by the ovaries to around the same stop as during climacteric . both of these beginnings are dependable since they provide in-depth information, support and instruction related to Endometriosis. Furthermore, these web sites contain tonss of reappraisal articles and researches on Endometriosis. The web Endo solved is managed and written by Carolyn Levett, a Registered Integrative Humanistic Counsellor, author and besides a qualified Supervisor and Group Therapist 14 . Therefore, she must be really familiar with the disease through extended research, experienced from her clients and reading on Endometriosis.I besides found the book entitled New sop up to Medicines & A Drugs which mentioned inordinate blood loss ( hypermenorrhea ) , pain during menses ( dysmenorrhoea ) , and straitening physical and psychological symptoms happening prior to menses necessitate medical interventions . This beginning besides agrees to the beginning Handbook of Pharmacy Health-Care which states the symptoms of adenomyosis are varied, but normally include dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, hypermenorrhea, instermenstrual pelvic hurting, and back hurting a brief account. Both of these beginnings are trusted since the first book mentioned was edited by Professor John A. Henry and approved by the British Medical Association while the 2nd book emphasises information about the interventions published by The Pharmaceutical Press, undoubted beginnings.Accumulative word count ( 1913 words )

Dutiful Characters of Ibsen and Sophocles Essay

Nora of Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House, and Antigone of Antigone (by Sophocles) have all had circumstances pitted against them, yet within these unfavorable circumstances they have duties to put to death. Their constraints as women or as people whose destinies are governed by fate have caused them to be without pleasing options in their situationsand through the mathematical process of their duties fate often does its work. They have twain acted in styluss that cause them to be viewed as the obedient characters in their stories.Where there have been successes, the achievement of their goals against odds reveals them as hardworking characters who shift to accommodate and adjust to the vicissitudes of life, and who are able to defy hardship and even death to do their duties to those for whom they feel loyalty. The situation wedded Antigone is non one that can be taken lightly, as defiance of authority within that culture of ancient Greece had the top executive to ruin an one-on -one. Such an individual would have to be sure that he or she was acting in accordance with the overleapes of the gods.In the play, Antigone is concerned that the lack of burial for her brother (who in her depression had done no wrong) should be an affront to the gods. Even so, if it was non disliked by the gods, she was willing to defy them in order to satisfy herselffor it was an affront to her and she con human facered it her obligation to rectify the situation. It was a dangerous thing for Antigone to find herself in defiance of the gods (who control fate) and of the king Creon. Her father, Oedipus had in his day found himself on the wrong side of Fate and was ruined as a result (Oedipus, the King).As the daughter of a cursed man, Antigone knew that her fate could be an unfavorable one and that it would serve her beaver to act in accordance with the wishes of the gods. Yet her duty to her brother was stronger, and she acted as she wished and sealed her fate. In A Dolls Hou se, Noras duty is toward her family as Antigones has been, and she too defies odds in order to fulfill them. As Nora reveals her hardships to Mrs. Linde, it is evident that she has tried many ways to create favorable circumstances for her husband. As a dutiful wife, she has made many attempts to create a good home.In order to do this, she embarks on the business of borrowing money so that her family might be able to meet its obligations. She proves herself able to deny her privations in order to fulfill her get obligations to the debt. She uses all the devices she as a woman possesses toward the fulfilment of the goal. She proves herself better equipped than even her husband who, possessing the abilities and opportunities of a man, has not shown half the resourcefulness she has, nor has he accomplished as much. In examining the actions of Antigone, one can parade precisely how she showed her dutifulness throughout the play.She begins by defying the decree of the king, who has deni ed burial to her brother. Antigone initially asks her sister to help with the burial, Will you help these hands take up Polyneices corpse and blank out it? (lines 52-53). This plea for help demonstrates how natural Antigone felt her duty toward her brother to be. She expected her sister to share it without question. However, even after her sister refuses, she shows her duty in her cogency to act given limited resources in her willingness to do all herself.Upon her sisters refusal, she replies Ill do my duty to my brotherand yours as well, if youre not prepared to. I wont be caught betraying him (lines 56-58). though she is not able to influence her sister, she is still demonstrates determination to perform her duty in her power to create the situation she desires. It is also possible to track the areas in which Nora has shown herself dutifuland in her duty, resourceful. In the years following the incident, she has managed to repay most of her loan without help, sacrificing the s cant pleasures of her life.She relays this here It has been no joke to meet my engagements punctually. You must know, Christina, that in business there are things called installments, and quarterly interest, that are terribly hard to provide for. So Ive had to pinch a little here and there, wherever I could. This demonstrates the duty that she has to her husband, children and the service of her debt. She does not show the strain that must have been upon herstay strong to her children as a dutiful mother should. She succeeds in single-handedly turning around the fate of her family, while continuing.Her burden was often great, as she expresses, sometimes I was so tired, so tired. And yet it was splendid to work in that way and earn money. I almost felt as if I was a man. Her power of conformity allowed her to transform from passive wife to active and dutiful breadwinner, as she assumes a role generally reserved for those the opposite sex. In both A Dolls House and Antigone, other ch aracters failures in their duty serve to strengthen the effect of the duties performed by Antigone and Nora.Creon (the king) might be seen as dutiful because he carries out the decrees of his throne unrelentingly. Yet, in all his power and his attempts at duty, he fails in comparison to Antigone who braves death in her performance of her duty. All Creons power does not gain Antigones obedience, and though he declares of Polyneices, Hell be left unburied, his body there for birds and dogs to eat (lines 234-5) his word is unheeded by Antigone so that what he says will not happen does in fact happen. Antigones finger of duty allows her the fortitude to face a king who is indorse by an army.She knows that Creon is able to command the countrys armed forces and have her banished or killed for her deed, and yet her loyalty to her brother impels her toward committing the act of defiance. Antigone proves to be the writer of her own fate, and accepts death for the sake of her duty toward he r brother. She says, Take me and kill me (line 565) demanding (and receiving) her own death. Ismene, like Creon, can hardly be considered dutiful in that she expresses no real wish to be loyal (at all costs) to her brother.Though she too loved her brother, she fears the power that Creon has to banish or kill dissenters. Her speeches are mainly questions and demonstrate no tilt toward action. She says, What? Youre going to bury Polyneices, when thats been made a crime for all in Thebes? (lines 54-55). Here she subtly refuses to help Antigone and demonstrates even further the lack of duty she feels. Yet in the face of Antigones strong feelings of duty, Ismene cannot prevent the action. Much later when Antigone knows she will die, Ismene asks, Even now is there some way I can help? (line 631).She asks to help now, when she refused her help before, and this reflects not duty but an attempt to pretend loyalty when she knows that no help is now possible. She stands for very little, ma king very few statements or declarations, and proves herself to be among the least dutiful characters of the play. Again in Ibsens A Dolls House, Nora demonstrates her ability to perform her duties in her dealings with Krogstad. Here, though she is at a disadvantage, she still manages to a large extent to direct the courses of actionshowing that her resourcefulness comes to her aid in performing her duties.She is not afraid to stoop to manipulation in order that her obligations are fulfilled. She knows when to act and when to be still and let others do the acting for her. Though she appears not to, she directs Mrs. Linde to use her influence with Krogstad to help her in her situation. After pouring out her woes to Mrs. Linde, Nora makes a false attempt to deter her when she offers to talk to Krogstad. Nora says, Dont hell do you some harm, fully knowing it to be untrue. Noras follow up to this deterrent almost nullifies it Heres his card. But the letter, the letter- This ability to manipulate people and situations is also evidence of the extents to which she will go in order to fulfil her duty to her husband. In contrast to this, Mrs. Lindes attempt at dutifulness within her own marriage and after pale in comparison to Noras She has tried her hand at business, she says, I had to fight my way by keeping a shop, a little school, anything I could turn my hand to. However, this was to no avail. She is still without much money and, though she was married to a well-situated man, has accomplished not nearly as much as Nora has.Her duty appears to have been directed toward herself and her own enrichment via marriage to a wealthy man. She has demonstrated no strength in her duty toward him in maintaining (or even adding to) the wealth that they once possessed. Nora again proves herself more than able even than her husband to control situationsand the success she demonstrates a determination born of her dutiful characteristics. It is here, however, that her dutifulne ss shifts from her husband toward herself. Even though Torvald does find out about the loan, she discovers his true colors and is no longer led by his desires or taken in by his sweetness.He tempts her with all his charms and fails. He declares at first when the truth comes out, you have inherited- no religion, no morality, no sense of duty, yet a few minutes later when he receives the forged note he says, I know that what you did was all for love of me. He shows want of tact and quick-wittedness to effect a recovery, and Noras reason allows her to see this. Meanwhile, her new-found duty toward herself gives her the strength to leave him. She acts in her own best interest, though societal norms and her love for Torvald would have dictated that she remain.In the two plays, Nora and Antigone prove to be the most dutiful characters. While Creon, Mrs. Linde, Torvald and Ismene demonstrate very little (or selfish) duty, Nora and Antigone demonstrate a self-sacrificial duty that stems fr om loyalty and love of their families. They are willing to do what they feel they must, though odds are pitted against them, and they act even though they may fear the consequences. The events of the two plays Antigone and A Dolls House are driven by the dutiful figures (Antigone and Nora) that are able to perform feats despite not having the real power to do so. Their duty drives them to accomplish these acts.Both leading characters unwillingness to allow events to deny them of their desires to help their family demonstrates the depth to which their loyalty ran, and they prove themselves more dutiful than others who accomplish less even with more resources. Works Cited Ibsen, Henrik. A Dolls House. Trans. By William Archer. http//academics. triton. edu/uc/files/ dollshse. html. Sophocles. Antigone. Trans. By Ian Johnston of Malaspina Nanaimo University-College, Canada, http//www. mala. bc. ca/johnstoi/sophocles/antigone. htm Sophocles. Oedipus Rex. The Harvard Classics. http//www. bartleby. com/8/5/

Public finance

The research worker by introduction which admits background to the problem, Statement of the problem, interrogation questions, Objective of the psychoanalyze, Significance of the resume, and the scope and limitation of the study. In the second chapter there is literature review, both theoretic and empirical literature review in which there are some terms defined with pertinent theories. The third chapter explains about now the study wick be conducted and techniques that will be used in conducting the research study The third chapter shows and explains the schedule of activities, references and bibliography.The fourth chapter give much details of the research military issue by answering the research questions both specific and general research questions. It gives a detailed reading gathered during the research period so as to give the real situation of the Ministry in congener to the research topic. The last fifth chapter gives the conclusion and recommendation of the researc her in the research area in relation to the research topic whether the Ministry conduct the situation satisfactory and if there are some added criteria in order to improve the situation in the research area.CPSP Certified procurement and Supplies Professional. MTB subgenus Pastorial Tender poster NBMM National Board for Materials Management PPA Public Procurement Act IAA Institute of Accountancy Arusha guide of Department HOD. PMU. Procurement Management Unit NGO Non presidential termal Organization . United States of America USA CICA. rivalry in Contracting Act Member of the Parliament MP The Ministry of alkali Development (MID) issue component part is located at the City Centre in Dar-es-salaam at llala Municipal, Pamba Road (Tancot House).The name was offici anyy launched in 1995 and was formerly known as Ministry of works. The ew ministry is the combination of the former Ministry of Works and the Ministry of Communication Transportation. It is headed by the Minister H on. Mr. Andrew Chenge (MP), assisted by Hon. Dr. Maua Daftari (MP) and Dr. Makongoro Mahanga as Deputy Ministers. The ministry of Infrastructures Development is split into two sectionalisations, namely 1. Transport Di ken 2.Communication Division After the introduction of PMS in the year 2003,the ministry adopted a new vision and mission, the proposed functions and structures has put into the new vision, mission and objectives of the ministry. The overall responsibilities of MolD is to structure the revel and dialogue Infrastructure that is well maintained, providing safe and efficient environment that is friendly and affordable to all parts of Tanzania and one that integrates all modes of enchant and discourse system economically.Vision of the Ministry The vision of the ministry is to have efficient and monetary value effective domestic and international communication and Transport meteorology utility to all segments of the population and sectors of National economy with max imum safety and negligible environmental Degradation. Mission of the Ministry The mission of the Ministry is to have safe, effective and efficient transport and communication and meteorological infrastructures and operations which best meet the socio-Economic expects by improving levels of services at lower costs in a manner which support Government strategies for economically and environment sustainability.Objectives of the Ministry In order to fulfill the higher up vision and mission of the sector, the ministry has got the embraceing objectives To facilitate the provision of adequate, affordable and efficient transport and communication and meteorology infrastructure and services with aximum safety and minimum environment degradation. To ensure a conducive environment for investment in the sector. To improve revenue collection from transport, communication and meteorology service rendered by the sector.To harmonize transport, communication and meteorology standards to those o f regional and international groups in which Tanzania is a member. To improve services and reduce HIV/ caution Intection. Functions of the Ministry. The general function of the Ministry of Communications and Transport are To initiate and coordinate polices, objectives and strategies on road, railway, pipeline, arine, air transport, posts and Telecommunications. do and co-ordinate performance standards. Monitor and prise overall performance contracts.To commercialize and privatize the parastatals in the transport and communication sector The organizational structure of the MolD In order to achieve the objectives, the ministry implements the objectives using quintuple specialized departments at the Head quarter, three regulatory and three Executive agencies Specialized Departments at the Head Quarters Department of Administration and Personnel Department of Transport and Communication Department of Accounts and Finance primeval Transport Licensing Authority. regulative Bodies Tanz ania Civil aviation Authority Tanzania Communication Regulatory Authority Surface and Marine Regulatory Authority Executive Agencies Tanzania Airport authority Tanzania Government Flight Agency Tanzania Meteorological Agency. 1. 1 background to the study Tendering is the method of procurement where by Suppliers, Contractors, and Consultants are invited by procuring entity to compete each different in submitting priced casts for goods, works, or services (PPA 2004).It is the most best-selling(predicate) method recommended by the Act due to its pass aroundness, transparency, efficient, and Economy. The history of Procurement Legislation in Tanzania of which heartying found its origin can be traced as far back to 1961 when the exchequer and Audit Ordinance No. 21 of 1961 was enacted as a Legal mechanism for the purpose of exacting the Public Procurement and Supplies activities. Five years later i. e. 1965 the financial Order part Ill (Stores rule 5th Edition 1965) was enacted b y the parliament as the guideline to the public Fund by Government officials.Due to the weakness of the old legislation, there was a number of studies carried out in the Country funded by the humankind Bank to review the Public Procurement System hich eventually found that there was a necessity for more effective legislation to govern Procurement in the Public sphere to repeal and deputize the Exchequer Audit Ordinance of 1961, and consequently, Public Procurement Act No. 21 of 2001 came into the e ttect to bring home the bacon tor the detlciencies ot the old legislations. The enactment of PPA 2001 was only part of the on going Public Procurement reforms.These reforms resulted into the enactment of the PPA 2004 which repealed PPA 2001. The enactment of PPA 2004 was aimed at addressing the deficiencies of the old legislation(s), by enforcing the best practices and professional standards of inancial Management and control of Public properties and re fountains It is because of thi s important historical background that TENDERING as a Procurement Method is accorded Importance by the Act due to its cave inness, efficiency, economy, and as far as Public Expenditure is concerned.Good practice of tendering reduces total accomplishment costs and produce well-timed(a) result, and efficiency use of resources, Poor practice of tendering led to waste and delays and often the cause of allegation of degeneration and inefficiency (MasanJa 2004). It follows that the Public Sector particularly the Ministry of Infrastructure Development hould realize the values for money procurement and tendering, among other methods, it must be done in accordance to the existing procedures. 1. 2 Statement of the problem The service oriented organization has a core interest to attain vision and mission.Public Sector in Tanzania, Ministry of Infrastructure Development being one of it, is there to deliver better services to the society, in other devote it spent about 80% of the National Budget on the procurement of goods, Services and works. On ac experiencement of this truth the Government has enacted the procurement laws as the guide to ensure roper utilization of Pubic Funds. oneness feature of procurement laws is open/unrestricted tendering characterized by fairness, transparency, and economy.The procedure requires some steps to be fulfill before the contract for delivering of goods, services or execution of work is awarded to the prospective bidder. hand tendering is the most popular procurement method envisage by the Public Procurement Act No. 3 of 2004. It follow that the role of effective open tendering procedures and principle is to ensure that the system is operated in such away that it reduces the transaction costs, fficiency use of the resources available, efficiency utilization of the time required, and ensure that the system is understood and can be handled by the concerned parties properly.This will Justify the proper use of Public Fund and the attainment of Entitys objectives. The efficiency and adequacies of tendering procedures and select performance is the end result realization. This is to say that if open tendering is adhered and administrated according to the laid down effective procedures and regulation the end result will be quality of goods, works and services delivered. 1. 3 Research Questions 1. 3. 1 General Question Is open Tendering as a procurement method in Public Sector e 71 32 Specitlc Questions O are the multitude involved in procurement?I. e. members, the knowledge of Public Procurement Act 2004? Ministerial Tender Board PMIJ member and HOD have O Are the procedures and Regulation as directed by PPA for open tendering adhered by tender board members or tender evaluation committee or the PMIJ? O Are the tender enumerations prepared using standard tendering documents as issued by PPRA ? O Can insufficiency of cookery and understanding of PPA 2004 and their respective regulations contribute to the in effectiveness of tendering as procurement method? . 4 Study Objectives 1. 4. General Objective The general objective of the study is to evaluate factors that affect the effectiveness of open tendering as procurement method in Public Sector. 1. 4. 2 special Objectives OTO find out whether the procedures and regulations used for open tendering in the Public Sector are inline with PPA requirements OTO evaluate whether those people i. e. PMU, CTB,HOD are well involved in the procurement and have the knowledge of the PPA and Regulations. OTO find out whether the lack of procurement capacity in Public Sector contributes to the ineffectiveness of open tendering.OTO check out hether tender documents are prepared according to Standard Tendering Documents and other guidelines (if any) issued by PPRA. 1. 5 Significance of the Study This study has shown clearly problems involved in tendering process including as well as factors hindering proper adhering procedures in Public Sectors. The study whitethorn attract the government, donors and NGOs on the need to build Procurement Capacity in the Public Sectors in Tanzania. On the other hand, this study has further served as guidelines for the future reference for those intending to study on procurement laws notably in the area of tendering transactions. . Scope and Limitation of the study his study has been conducted at the Ministry of Infrastructure Development Head Office, which is located in Dar-es-salaam City at llala Municipal. The study has based specifically on such areas as Procurement and Purchasing section, Tendering section and Supplies section. The study has examined the factors affecting the effectiveness of open tendering as procurement method in the Public sector. The coverage included system of procurement in tendering process, tendering documents and prospective laws applied.During the research period the researcher expected the following limitations O On the Job training took a lot of time for researcher to do other work which has no relation with the researcher topic so time for research has beeen limited to acquire the required data through interviews and questionnaires. (J some(prenominal) ot the employees that the researcher managed to nave spot interview they became reluctant to give what is real practiced in the organization in fear that the information collected can be presented to the management and investigation can be make to the concerned staff.Successful Tender federal agency a tender selected by the procuring entity as offering the lowest evaluated cost in case the method of procurement used was competitive tendering or being the most antiphonary to the needs of procuring entity if the procurement method used as competitive quotations, single sources procurement, competitive selection or where goods or services are of minor value. Supplier Means company, corporation organization, partnership, or individualistic person supplying goods, or services, hiring equipment or pr oviding transport services and who is according to the contract is a voltage party with the procuring entity Tender Means offer, proposal or quotation made by a supplier, contractor, or consultant in response to a request drawn by a procuring entity Works all(a) works associated with the construction, reconstruction, demolition, repair or enovation of a building structure, road or airfield.Lowest Evaluated Costs Means the priced offered by supplier, contractor or consultant that is found to be the lowest after consideration of all relevant factors and the calculation of any weighing for these factors, provided that such factors have been specified in the tender document. 2. 3 Theoretical basic of the study. Mhilu (2006) in his paper presented during the 21st NBMM Professional Annual Conference contended that an open tendering is the preferred way to promote open and effective competition. He however agreed on the need to bring a balance etween tendering cost and the benefit receive d, he further enumerated circumstances where open tendering may not be the preferable method to include if O There is Justification for single source or emergence procurement or OThe cost of an open tendering exceed direct savings that capability be enjoyed or OThere are other benefits foregone by using another procurement method.The universe Bank guideline (1999) maintained that the objective of tendering is to attain both the classical and contemporary procurement objectives that include transparent and all aspects contributing towards proper administration of tender, hese are proper goods, works and services of safe price, through authorization and in a transparent manner. The guideline further continue that, competitive control or tendering is the most effective method in attaining the above mentioned objective when properly administered. i Open Tender This is tendering process which is done through open advertisement through widely circulated media such as newspapers of wid e circulation. Through the advertisement a procuring entity states its requirements through specification and terms of purchase. Potential suppliers / Contractors & Consultants respond to the